Backgrounds: POST-EVENT PROCESSING involves rumination about perceived inadequacy in a past social situation and has been proposed as an important maintaining factor in social phobia.Aims: This paper investigated the psychometric properties of POST EVENT PROCESSING Questionnaire (PEPQ) in a student sample.Method: Participants were 460 people (280 female, 180 male) who answered the PEPQ, and 284 of the subjects (198 female and 86 male) completed four Social anxiety related questionnaires including SPAI, SAFE, LSAS-SR and SPS in addition to PEPQ. Also, fifty-five Social Phobic patients answered the PEPQ. The Pearson correlation, Independent sample t-test, Cronbach Alpha and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) is used as the data analysis method.Results: The Pearson correlation between the PEPQ and the Criteria Scales and between the test and re-test PEPQ score was significant. The CFA replicated the one factor solution for the PEPQ. The Independent sample t-test showed significant difference in PEPQ score between social anxiety group and control group. Also, internal consistency of the PEPQ was acceptable. Comparing with people with self-perspective, participants with observer perspective had a higher score in PEPQ, state anxiety, SPAI, LSAS-SR, SAFE and SPS.Conclusion: Thereupon, it seems the PEPQ is a reliable instrument for assessment of the POST EVENT PROCESSING in Iranian population.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cognitive avoidance, POST- EVENT PROCESSING and social avoidance among university students.Method: Four-hundred (221 female, 179 male) students were selected randomly. Subjects completed 3 standardized scales: cognitive avoidance questionnaire (CAQ), POST-EVENT PROCESSING questionnaire (PEQ) and the phobic reaction scale. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression by SPSS 16 software.Results: The results showed significant positive correlation between POST-EVENT PROCESSING and cognitive avoidance (r=/042; p</0001). Also, correlation between thought suppression, thought substitution, transformation of images into thought and social anxiety were positive, but correlation between distraction, avoidance of threatening stimuli and social anxiety were not significant. POST-EVENT PROCESSING and thought substitution was the best predictors and explained 16% of the variance in social anxiety.Conclusion: Social anxious people have cognitive PROCESSING about social relationships and POST-EVENT PROCESSING leads them to more anxiety and predict continuity of social anxiety. Awareness and cognitive therapy help them treat social anxiety and improve their social functioning.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the multiple relationships of focus, POST-PROCESSING and interpretation bias (related to yourself) with social anxiety in students in Isfahan. Methods: research method of the study was descriptive-correlational research design. The statistical population of the study was all of the university students of Isfahan in the 1396-1397 academic year. A sample of 237 students (96 men and 141 women) was randomly selected by simple cluster sampling among the universities in Isfahan. The participants were then asked to answer the questions of the Social Anxiety Questionnaire Kavner et al )2002), the Self-Focused Attention Questionnaire Woody, Cham bless & Glass )1997), the POST-EVENT PROCESSING Questionnaire (PEPQ), the Revised Questionnaire of Butler et al. (1983). The descriptive statistics were used for descriptive analysis of data and the multiple regression and internal consistency were used to investigate the testing of the hypotheses. Results: The results indicated that the interpretation bias and POST-EVENT PROCESSING with 13. 4% of the variance could predict the social anxiety. interpretation bias (β =0/24, P<0/01) and POST-EVENT PROCESSING (β =0/14, P<0/05) They were able to predict social anxiety. Conclusions: Since POSTEVENT PROCESSING and interpretation bias can be related to social anxiety. Therefore, for predicting and treating students' social anxiety, the mentioned variables can also be targeted and students can be taught ways to deal with social anxiety.

There are three primary models to deal with literal/non-literal language PROCESSING. The first is the indirect access model proposed by Grice (1975) and Searle (1979). As indicated by this model, sentences are first processed literally when the literal meaning was not the adequate interpretation; at that point the look for the metaphorical interpretation begins. The second is the direct access model proposed by Glucksberg et al. (1982). As indicated by this model, metaphors are processed as easily as literal sentences. Their findings demonstrated that there is no contrast between the PROCESSING of literal sentences and metaphor. The third is a continual PROCESSING model, for example, “ The contemporary theory of metaphor” , Lakoff (1993); “ the Gradient Salience Model” , Giora (1997, 2003) and “ the Career of Metaphor Model” , Bowdel and Gentner (2005). In these models, literal sentences and conventional metaphors are processed in the same way. Lakoff (1993) believes that the meaning of literal sentences and conventional metaphors are accessed at the same time since they both are retrieved from memory. But Giora (1997, 2003) believes that the reason for this simultaneous PROCESSING is that conventional metaphors are as salient as literal sentences. Novel metaphors are processed more slowly than literal sentences and conventional metaphors. Their PROCESSING includes more cognitive efforts. Lakoff (1993) asserts that this slower PROCESSING of novel metaphors is due to the comparison and the conceptual mapping of the source domain on the target domain (online PROCESSING compared with retrieving from memory). Bowdel and Gentner (2005) believe that novel metaphors are processed as “ analogy” , but conventional metaphors are processed as “ categorization” . However, Giora (1997, 2003) considers the non-saliency as the main cause of this slower PROCESSING. Behavioral researches have mainly focused on the reaction time of subjects during the PROCESSING of metaphors. The improvement of brain imaging technologies in recent decades has motivated researchers to use techniques such as ERP, PET, and fMRI, to study the PROCESSING of non-literal language including metaphors. Kutas, Federmeyer, Coulson, King, and Munte (2000) state that techniques with high temporal resolution, for example, ERPs and eye tracking, can help revealing how language PROCESSING unfolds over time. They can be used to track the availability of different sorts of linguistic information and the temporal course of their interactions. Since 1980, many researches, including Pynte, Besson, Robichon and Poli (1996), Tarrter, Gomes, Dubrovsky, Molholm, and Stewart (2002), Coulson, and van Petten (2002), Iakimova, Passerieux, Laurent and Hardy-Bayle (2005), Arzoan, Goldstein, and Faust (2007), Lai, Menn, and Curran (2009), Lai and Curran (2013) have used ERP and N400 to study metaphor PROCESSING. This research, using EVENT-Related Potential technique, studies the PROCESSING of literal and metaphorical sentences in Farsi and the role of conceptual mapping in this process. We anticipate literal sentences and conventional metaphors to be processed at a similar speed, but conventional metaphors are processed quicker than novel metaphors. In other words, more cognitive effort happen during the PROCESSING of novel metaphors. We also expect that conceptual mapping to occur during the conventional and novel metaphors in different ways. Four hundred sentences (literal, conventional metaphor, novel metaphor and anomalous) were made, then these sentences were designed by Psycopy software to be displayed on the computer screen. The brain electrical signals of 22 participants, were recorded during the reading task by a 64 channels EEG set made by Ant company and ASA lab software. The sample rate was 512 Hz, and the electrodes were arranged based on the 10-20 system. The signals were recorded from 32 electrodes. Using EEGLAB and ERPLAB, the mean amplitude of N400 in 7 areas including midline channels (Fpz, Fz, Cz, Pz, Oz), left medial channels (FC1, CP1, C3), right medial channels (CP2, C4, FC2), left lateral channels (CP5, F3, P3, FC5), right lateral channels (CP6, P4, F4, FC6), left peripheral channels (Fp1, F7, T7, O1) and right peripheral channels (Fp2, F8, T8, O2) were extracted. The data were analyzed by repeated measure (ANOVA) and pair-wise comparison (SPSS). The repeated measure analysis (ANOVA) showed that mean amplitude of four conditions: literal, conventional metaphors, novel metaphors and anomalous sentences in the midline, left and right medial and right peripheral were significantly different. Pair-wise comparison of the amplitude of 400 in 7 areas did not show any significant differences between literal sentences and conventional metaphors, but the pair-wise comparison of the mean amplitude of N400 in left medial channels showed a significant difference between conventional metaphors and novel metaphors PROCESSING. The Findings of this research showed that the PROCESSING of literal language and conventional metaphors take the same speed and cognitive effort. However, the PROCESSING of novel metaphors need more cognitive efforts, which can be considered as an evidence of conceptual mapping. Our findings are consistent with this premise that conceptual mapping in novel metaphors occurs through analogy and in conventional metaphors it happens through categorization.

Health care is a very sensitive area that the smallest of errors can lead to irreparable damage to the health and survival of patients coming into the health care system of sensors, RFID tags and other means to monitor the environment and patient information, tools and devices used in the operating room. The purpose of the research is to presenting a health care system that in addition to physical care and supervision of patients and provides this information to the doctor, the disease is considered to predict. The system will be designed so that the EVENTs sent by the sensors in the center, will be collected, then these EVENTs have been compared with earlier models, if the EVENT was new, the center will be stored in databases and otherwise based on previous models and the necessary measures will be taken. For the modeling of the proposed system and obtain the results of the simulation model of the MATLAB and using RFID technology and the patterns of the CEP.